Pull resistors – Tutorials

In this tutorial we cover the following topics

Test 1
Pin initialization with pull resistors
Test 2
Microcontroller's built-in pull resistors

Test 1

Description

Take the Arduino board and make the following test

Select one of digital pin, say pin number 2, and call it PIN_IN.
Read periodically it's state and if is HIGH turn on Arduino's built in LED and turn off if is LOW.
Reset or turn off and turn on Arduino and again observe LED state.
What can you say about LED?

Below tere is a code we can use to make this test.

#define PIN_IN 2
// Digital pin 13 has a build-in LED attached to it
#define PIN_LED 13

int ledState = 0;

void setup() {
  // put your setup code here, to run once:
  pinMode(PIN_IN, INPUT); // Set the digital pin PIN_IN as input
  pinMode(PIN_LED, OUTPUT); // Set the digital pin PIN_LED as output
}

void loop() {
  // put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
  ledState = digitalRead(PIN_IN); // Read from the input pin PIN_IN
  digitalWrite(PIN_LED, ledState); // Set the LED to the input's state
}

#define PIN_IN 2

// Digital pin 13 has a build-in LED attached to it

#define PIN_LED 13

int ledState = 0;

void setup() {

// put your setup code here, to run once:

pinMode(PIN_IN, INPUT); // Set the digital pin PIN_IN as input

pinMode(PIN_LED, OUTPUT); // Set the digital pin PIN_LED as output

}

void loop() {

// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:

ledState = digitalRead(PIN_IN); // Read from the input pin PIN_IN

digitalWrite(PIN_LED, ledState); // Set the LED to the input's state

}

Read an appropriate documentation if you don't know how function we used are working

Observations

What can you say about LED behaviour? Is it predictible and stady? Souldn't be. Our LED shoul be sometimes on but sometimes off. This means that sometimes we read HIGH state but other time oposit, LOW, state. Sometimes high, sometimes low is like a wave: sometimes up, sometimes down so we say that state of the pin is floating.

Sometimes it could be difficult to observe this behaviour. You can try with another board or repeat test another time.

Another solution to observe this is to use two wires: one connected to our PIN_IN and second to 5V.

Next connect both wires - logical state on PIN_IN should be HIGH and led turn on. Disconnect wires - logical state on PIN_IN should be LOW and led turn off.

In my case, whatever I do, led stays on.

Initila state

Wires connected - led is on

Wires disconnected - led is still on

Explanations

There are no any premises so we could say which state, HIGH or LOW, would be read on our pin PIN_IN. The input is "free" - that is, it doesn't have a solid connection to voltage or ground, and it will randomly return either HIGH or LOW. In this case situation is similar to the following piece of code

#include <stdio.h>

int main(){
	int input;

	printf("%d\n", input);
	
	return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>

int main(){

int input;

printf("%d\n", input);

return 0;

}

The input variable stays uninitialized so its value is random. Every time we run this program, results are different.



MacBook-Air-Piotr:tutorials_electronics_pull_resistors fulmanp$ gcc test_01.c

MacBook-Air-Piotr:tutorials_electronics_pull_resistors fulmanp$ ./a.out

97525814

MacBook-Air-Piotr:tutorials_electronics_pull_resistors fulmanp$ ./a.out

256753718

MacBook-Air-Piotr:tutorials_electronics_pull_resistors fulmanp$ ./a.out

211959862

MacBook-Air-Piotr:tutorials_electronics_pull_resistors fulmanp$ ./a.out

294740022

MacBook-Air-Piotr:tutorials_electronics_pull_resistors fulmanp$ ./a.out

224059446

MacBook-Air-Piotr:tutorials_electronics_pull_resistors fulmanp$

Sometimes, when we run it over and over again in short time interval results are the same but make a brake and run it after one hour or another day - results should be different.

Same with our digital pin - it stays uninitialized. The question is: How to initialize pins?

Pin initialization with pull resistors

To prevent this unpredictible behaviour, a pull-up or pull-down resistor are used to ensure that the pin is in either a HIGH or LOW state, while also using a low amount of current.

As you can see, our PIN_IN is connected with either 5V to get always HIGH state or with GND to get always LOW state. To limit a current a 10kOhms resistor is used (limiting current to 0.5mA) but any value in range 4.7kOhms-15kOhms will do in this case. Keep in mind that the larger the resistance for the pull, the slower the pin is to respond to voltage changes.

Let's try to fix our test case from Test 1 section.


Left image: pull-up active, led is on. Right image: `PIN_IN` is connected with `GND` and led is off.


Left image: pull-down active, led is off. Right image: `PIN_IN` is connected with `5V` and led is on.

Of course we can replace bare wires with switches

Unfortunately switches becomes a source of a new problems.

Test 2

Description

Take a pull-down version from the previous section and write a program which changes led state every time you press the button.

Below there is a code we can use to make this test.

#define PIN_IN 2
// Digital pin 13 has a build-in LED attached to it
#define PIN_LED 13

int ledState = LOW;

void setup() {
  // put your setup code here, to run once:
  pinMode(PIN_IN, INPUT);   // Set the digital pin PIN_IN as input
  pinMode(PIN_LED, OUTPUT); // Set the digital pin PIN_LED as output
}

void loop() {
  // put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
  if(digitalRead(PIN_IN) == HIGH){
    ledState = (ledState == HIGH)?LOW:HIGH; // Switch signal to opposite value
    digitalWrite(PIN_LED, ledState);    // Set the LED to the new state
    
    while(digitalRead(PIN_IN) == HIGH); // Wait as long as button is pressed
    
    ledState = (ledState == HIGH)?LOW:HIGH; // Switch signal to opposite value
    digitalWrite(PIN_LED, ledState);    // Set the LED to the new state
  }
}

#define PIN_IN 2

// Digital pin 13 has a build-in LED attached to it

#define PIN_LED 13

int ledState = LOW;

void setup() {

// put your setup code here, to run once:

pinMode(PIN_IN, INPUT); // Set the digital pin PIN_IN as input

pinMode(PIN_LED, OUTPUT); // Set the digital pin PIN_LED as output

}

void loop() {

// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:

if(digitalRead(PIN_IN) == HIGH){

ledState = (ledState == HIGH)?LOW:HIGH; // Switch signal to opposite value

digitalWrite(PIN_LED, ledState); // Set the LED to the new state

while(digitalRead(PIN_IN) == HIGH); // Wait as long as button is pressed

ledState = (ledState == HIGH)?LOW:HIGH; // Switch signal to opposite value

digitalWrite(PIN_LED, ledState); // Set the LED to the new state

}

Observations

Again the led seems to behave unpredictably. Sometimes it changes its state, other time doesn't while another time blinks just for a fraction of a second. This effect might be difficult to notice but it exists. It is much more visible when we use interrupts. If you want, you may now jump for a while to an Interrupts section, complete a Test and than go back here.

Explanations

The problem is that

what for us (humans) is immediate for microcontrollers takes ages;
even such a simple "devices" like switch have its physical limits;
voltage characteristic of switch is far from ideal model.

We believe that voltage characteristiv of switch looks like

Unfortunately, because of physical limits and properties, real characteristic is like
Todo (id=no todo id): pull_resistors: use osciloscope to visualize this

Todo (id=no todo id): pull_resistors: improve images
So, when we press the button, there is a very short time interval (very short for us not for a microcontroller) when membrane of our switch oscillates (bounces) and thus we can observe a series of HIGH and LOW state. When our microcontroller tests digital pin it is highly possible that will test a signal during this unstable time interval - sometimes may hit HIGH state but other time LOW.

Making switch working correctly

One of the simplest solution for this, is to wait this unpredictable time interval just after we detect high state.

Delay of 20ms should be enough in most cases (see for example section 3.4 in D45H27B160.pdf datasheet from https://www.maritex.com.pl/product/attachment/34206/D45H27B160.pdf

Making switch working correctly

This approach is implemented in the following code

#define PIN_IN 2
// Digital pin 13 has a build-in LED attached to it
#define PIN_LED 13

int ledState = LOW;

void setup() {
  // put your setup code here, to run once:
  pinMode(PIN_IN, INPUT);   // Set the digital pin PIN_IN as input
  pinMode(PIN_LED, OUTPUT); // Set the digital pin PIN_LED as output
}

void loop() {
  // put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
  if(digitalRead(PIN_IN) == HIGH){
    delay(20);                          // Wait out the first unpredictable time interval to stabilize
                                        // signal as HIGH
    ledState = (ledState == HIGH)?LOW:HIGH; // Switch signal to opposite value
    digitalWrite(PIN_LED, ledState);    // Set the LED to the new state
    
    while(digitalRead(PIN_IN) == HIGH); // Wait as long as button is pressed
    delay(20);                          // After button release, wait the second unpredictible time
                                        // interval to stabilize signal as LOW
                                        
    ledState = (ledState == HIGH)?LOW:HIGH; // Switch signal to opposite value
    digitalWrite(PIN_LED, ledState);    // Set the LED to the new state
  }
}

#define PIN_IN 2

// Digital pin 13 has a build-in LED attached to it

#define PIN_LED 13

int ledState = LOW;

void setup() {

// put your setup code here, to run once:

pinMode(PIN_IN, INPUT); // Set the digital pin PIN_IN as input

pinMode(PIN_LED, OUTPUT); // Set the digital pin PIN_LED as output

}

void loop() {

// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:

if(digitalRead(PIN_IN) == HIGH){

delay(20); // Wait out the first unpredictable time interval to stabilize

// signal as HIGH

ledState = (ledState == HIGH)?LOW:HIGH; // Switch signal to opposite value

digitalWrite(PIN_LED, ledState); // Set the LED to the new state

while(digitalRead(PIN_IN) == HIGH); // Wait as long as button is pressed

delay(20); // After button release, wait the second unpredictible time

// interval to stabilize signal as LOW

ledState = (ledState == HIGH)?LOW:HIGH; // Switch signal to opposite value

digitalWrite(PIN_LED, ledState); // Set the LED to the new state

}

Microcontroller's built-in pull resistors

Since pull-up resistors are so commonly needed, many MCUs, have internal pull resistors that can be enabled and disabled. With this we don't have to manually add resistors and wires to implement pulls. To enable internal pull-ups on an Arduino (there are no pull-downs on an Arduino), we can use the following line of code in our setup() function

pinMode(PIN_IN, INPUT_PULLUP); // Enable internal pull-up resistor on pin PIN_IN

1	pinMode(PIN_IN, INPUT_PULLUP); // Enable internal pull-up resistor on pin PIN_IN